The 10th Asian Symposium on Computational Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow ( ASCHT2025)

This paper investigates steady-state laminar natural convection in a three-dimensional cubic enclosure with double heat sources at the bottom. The cubic enclosure is filled with Al₂O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids. Numerical simulations are performed using the finite volume method to analyze the effects of the Rayleigh number (10⁴ ≤ Ra ≤ 10⁶) and nanoparticle volume fraction (0.05 ≤ φ ≤ 0.2) on the flow and temperature distribution and on the heat transfer rate of Al₂O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids within the cubic enclosure. The results show that the average Nusselt number increases with increasing Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction. Compared with Al₂O₃-water nanofluids and Cu-water nanofluids, Al₂O₃-Cu/water hybrid nanofluids significantly increases the heat transfer rate.
 

natural convection, hybrid nanofluids, cubic enclosure, heat source, numerical simulation