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The spread of non-indigenous species (NIS) via ship biofouling has emerged as a significant environmental concern in global ports. This study developed and validated a biological risk assessment protocol for in-water hull cleaning systems, integrating laboratory-based risk evaluation and field validation under real port conditions.
First, a Korea-Infection Modes and Effects Analysis (K-IMEA) framework was developed to assess biological risks associated with in-water cleaning. The evaluation considered four risk pathways: R1 (introduction/establishment before cleaning), R2 (escape during cleaning), R3 (introduction after cleaning), and R4 (establishment via effluent water). Response experiments using in-water cleaning wastes (R2, R4) and artificial fouling collector (AFC) plates (R1, R3) demonstrated attachment and regrowth of prokaryotes, microalgae, and macroalgae. Notably, prokaryotes and some microalgae passed through a 5 μm mesh filter, and viable organisms were detected even at low fouling ratings (Lv. 1–2), indicating the need for secondary treatment in addition to primary filtration.
To validate the protocol, field trials were conducted using an in-water cleaning system under real port conditions on two vessels with different fouling levels (Lv. 3 and Lv. 1). Biological analyses revealed regrowth of prokaryotes and macroalgae in both captured and treated water samples, with capture efficiency below 90%. Since the K-IMEA framework defines capture efficiencies below 90% as not applicable for the R2 index, Risk Priority Numbers (RPNs) were calculated under a "without capture" scenario. The resulting RPNs were 934 and 160 for the two vessels, indicating medium-level risks. However, assuming debris capture efficiencies of 90–99%, the RPN values decreased significantly to 96 and 20, corresponding to low-risk conditions.
These findings highlight the importance of effective debris capture and post-treatment systems in reducing biological risks during in-water cleaning. The integrated K-IMEA framework and field validation results provide a scientific basis for developing national guidelines and regulatory frameworks for managing ship biofouling and preventing the spread of non-indigenous species.
Jun 16
2026
Jun 18
2026
Draft paper submission deadline
2024-05-13 China Zhuhai
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